MySQL 3.23, 4.0, 4.1 Reference Manual

Abstract

This is the MySQL™ Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 3.23 through MySQL 4.1.25.

End of Product Lifecycle. Active development and support for MySQL Database Server versions 3.23, 4.0, and 4.1 has ended. For details, see http://www.mysql.com/about/legal/lifecycle/#calendar. Please consider upgrading to a recent version. Further updates to the content of this manual will be minimal. All formats of this manual will continue to be available until 31 Dec 2010.

MySQL 3.23, 4.0, and 4.1 features.  This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 3.23, MySQL 4.0, and MySQL 4.1; such features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 3.23, MySQL 4.0, or MySQL 4.1; licensed to you. If you have any questions about the features included in your edition of MySQL 3.23, MySQL 4.0, or MySQL 4.1, refer to your MySQL 3.23, MySQL 4.0, or MySQL 4.1 agreement or contact your Oracle sales representative.

For release notes detailing the changes in each release of MySQL 3.23, 4.0, and 4.1, see Appendix C, MySQL Release Notes.

For legal information, see the Legal Notice.

Document generated on: 2014-12-14 (revision: 41027)


Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notice
1 General Information
1.1 About This Manual
1.2 Typographical and Syntax Conventions
1.3 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
1.3.1 What is MySQL?
1.3.2 The Main Features of MySQL
1.3.3 History of MySQL
1.4 MySQL Development History
1.5 MySQL 4.0 in a Nutshell
1.6 MySQL 4.1 in a Nutshell
1.7 MySQL Information Sources
1.7.1 MySQL Mailing Lists
1.7.2 MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums
1.7.3 MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
1.7.4 MySQL Enterprise
1.8 How to Report Bugs or Problems
1.9 MySQL Standards Compliance
1.9.1 What Standards MySQL Follows
1.9.2 Selecting SQL Modes
1.9.3 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode
1.9.4 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
1.9.5 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
1.9.6 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
1.10 Credits
1.10.1 Contributors to MySQL
1.10.2 Documenters and translators
1.10.3 Packages that support MySQL
1.10.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL
1.10.5 Supporters of MySQL
2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL
2.1 General Installation Guidance
2.1.1 Operating Systems On Which MySQL Is Known To Run
2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
2.1.5 Installation Layouts
2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
2.2 Standard MySQL Installation from a Binary Distribution
2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
2.3.1 Choosing An Installation Package
2.3.2 Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer
2.3.3 Using the MySQL Installation Wizard
2.3.4 Using the Configuration Wizard
2.3.5 Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive
2.3.6 Extracting the Install Archive
2.3.7 Creating an Option File
2.3.8 Selecting a MySQL Server Type
2.3.9 Starting the Server for the First Time
2.3.10 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
2.3.11 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
2.3.12 Testing The MySQL Installation
2.3.13 Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows
2.3.14 Upgrading MySQL on Windows
2.4 Installing MySQL from RPM Packages on Linux
2.5 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
2.6 Installing MySQL on Solaris
2.7 Installing MySQL on NetWare
2.8 Installing MySQL from Generic Binaries on Other Unix-Like Systems
2.9 Installing MySQL from Source
2.9.1 Installing MySQL from a Standard Source Distribution
2.9.2 Installing MySQL from a Development Source Tree
2.9.3 MySQL Source-Configuration Options
2.9.4 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
2.9.5 Compiling and Linking an Optimized mysqld Server
2.9.6 MIT-pthreads Notes
2.9.7 Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing
2.10.1 Windows Postinstallation Procedures
2.10.2 Unix Postinstallation Procedures
2.10.3 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
2.11 Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL
2.11.1 Upgrading MySQL
2.11.2 Downgrading MySQL
2.11.3 Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt
2.11.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
2.11.5 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
2.12 Operating System-Specific Notes
2.12.1 Linux Notes
2.12.2 Mac OS X Notes
2.12.3 Solaris Notes
2.12.4 BSD Notes
2.12.5 Other Unix Notes
2.12.6 OS/2 Notes
2.13 Environment Variables
2.14 Perl Installation Notes
2.14.1 Installing Perl on Unix
2.14.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
2.14.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
3 Tutorial
3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
3.2 Entering Queries
3.3 Creating and Using a Database
3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
3.3.2 Creating a Table
3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
3.6 Examples of Common Queries
3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables
3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
3.7 Using MySQL with Apache
4 MySQL Programs
4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs
4.2 Using MySQL Programs
4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs
4.2.2 Connecting to the MySQL Server
4.2.3 Specifying Program Options
4.2.4 Setting Environment Variables
4.3 MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs
4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server
4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
4.4 MySQL Installation-Related Programs
4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
4.4.2 make_win_src_distribution — Create Source Distribution for Windows
4.4.3 mysql_create_system_tables — Generate Statements to Initialize MySQL System Tables
4.4.4 mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report
4.4.5 mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables
4.4.6 mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
4.4.7 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
4.4.8 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
4.5 MySQL Client Programs
4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool
4.5.2 mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server
4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
4.5.6 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
4.6 MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs
4.6.1 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
4.6.2 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
4.6.3 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
4.6.4 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
4.6.5 mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges
4.6.6 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
4.6.7 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
4.6.8 mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program
4.6.9 mysqlmanagerc — Internal Test-Suite Program
4.6.10 mysqlmanager-pwgen — Internal Test-Suite Program
4.6.11 mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage Engine
4.6.12 mysql_explain_log — Use EXPLAIN on Statements in Query Log
4.6.13 mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files
4.6.14 mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions
4.6.15 mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables
4.6.16 mysql_tableinfo — Generate Database Metadata
4.6.17 mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination
4.6.18 mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern
4.7 MySQL Program Development Utilities
4.7.1 msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL
4.7.2 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
4.7.3 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
4.7.4 resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
4.8 Miscellaneous Programs
4.8.1 perror — Explain Error Codes
4.8.2 replace — A String-Replacement Utility
4.8.3 resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
5 MySQL Server Administration
5.1 The MySQL Server
5.1.1 Server Option and Variable Reference
5.1.2 Server Command Options
5.1.3 Server System Variables
5.1.4 Using System Variables
5.1.5 Server Status Variables
5.1.6 Server SQL Modes
5.1.7 Server-Side Help
5.1.8 Server Response to Signals
5.1.9 The Shutdown Process
5.2 The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server
5.3 MySQL Server Logs
5.3.1 The Error Log
5.3.2 The General Query Log
5.3.3 The Update Log
5.3.4 The Binary Log
5.3.5 The Slow Query Log
5.3.6 Server Log Maintenance
5.4 General Security Issues
5.4.1 General Security Guidelines
5.4.2 Password Security in MySQL
5.4.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
5.4.4 Security-Related mysqld Options
5.4.5 Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL
5.4.6 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
5.5 The MySQL Access Privilege System
5.5.1 Privileges Provided by MySQL
5.5.2 Privilege System Grant Tables
5.5.3 Specifying Account Names
5.5.4 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
5.5.5 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
5.5.6 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
5.5.7 Causes of Access-Denied Errors
5.6 MySQL User Account Management
5.6.1 User Names and Passwords
5.6.2 Adding User Accounts
5.6.3 Removing User Accounts
5.6.4 Setting Account Resource Limits
5.6.5 Assigning Account Passwords
5.6.6 Using SSL for Secure Connections
5.6.7 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
5.6.8 Auditing MySQL Account Activity
5.7 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
5.7.1 Running Multiple Servers on Windows
5.7.2 Running Multiple Servers on Unix
5.7.3 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
6 Backup and Recovery
6.1 Backup and Recovery Types
6.2 Database Backup Methods
6.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
6.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy
6.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery
6.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary
6.4 Using mysqldump for Backups
6.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
6.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups
6.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
6.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
6.4.5 mysqldump Tips
6.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log
6.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times
6.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
6.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
6.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
6.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
6.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables
6.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization
6.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
7 Optimization
7.1 Optimization Overview
7.1.1 MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs
7.1.2 Designing Applications for Portability
7.1.3 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
7.1.4 Using Your Own Benchmarks
7.2 Obtaining Query Execution Plan Information
7.2.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
7.2.2 EXPLAIN Output Format
7.2.3 Estimating Query Performance
7.3 Optimizing SQL Statements
7.3.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements
7.3.2 Optimizing Non-SELECT Statements
7.3.3 Other Optimization Tips
7.4 Optimization and Indexes
7.4.1 Column Indexes
7.4.2 Multiple-Column Indexes
7.4.3 How MySQL Uses Indexes
7.4.4 MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
7.5 Buffering and Caching
7.5.1 The MyISAM Key Cache
7.5.2 The InnoDB Buffer Pool
7.5.3 The MySQL Query Cache
7.6 Locking Issues
7.6.1 Internal Locking Methods
7.6.2 Table Locking Issues
7.6.3 Concurrent Inserts
7.6.4 External Locking
7.7 Optimizing Database Structure
7.7.1 Make Your Data as Small as Possible
7.7.2 How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
7.7.3 Disadvantages of Creating Many Tables in the Same Database
7.7.4 How MySQL Uses Internal Temporary Tables
7.8 Optimizing the MySQL Server
7.8.1 System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning
7.8.2 Tuning Server Parameters
7.8.3 How MySQL Uses Threads for Client Connections
7.8.4 How MySQL Uses Memory
7.8.5 How MySQL Uses DNS
7.9 Disk Issues
7.10 Using Symbolic Links
7.10.1 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix
7.10.2 Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix
7.10.3 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows
7.11 Examining Thread Information
7.11.1 Thread Command Values
7.11.2 General Thread States
7.11.3 Delayed-Insert Thread States
7.11.4 Replication Master Thread States
7.11.5 Replication Slave I/O Thread States
7.11.6 Replication Slave SQL Thread States
7.11.7 Replication Slave Connection Thread States
7.11.8 MySQL Cluster Thread States
8 Language Structure
8.1 Literal Values
8.1.1 String Literals
8.1.2 Number Literals
8.1.3 Date and Time Literals
8.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals
8.1.5 Boolean Literals
8.1.6 NULL Values
8.2 Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names
8.2.1 Identifier Qualifiers
8.2.2 Identifier Case Sensitivity
8.2.3 Function Name Parsing and Resolution
8.3 Reserved Words
8.4 User-Defined Variables
8.5 Expression Syntax
8.6 Comment Syntax
9 Internationalization and Localization
9.1 Character Set Support
9.1.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
9.1.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
9.1.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations
9.1.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations
9.1.5 Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications
9.1.6 Character Set for Error Messages
9.1.7 Collation Issues
9.1.8 Operations Affected by Character Set Support
9.1.9 Unicode Support
9.1.10 UTF-8 for Metadata
9.1.11 Upgrading Character Sets from MySQL 4.0
9.1.12 Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports
9.2 Using the German Character Set
9.3 Setting the Error Message Language
9.4 Adding a New Character Set
9.4.1 The Character Definition Arrays
9.4.2 String Collating Support
9.4.3 Multi-Byte Character Support
9.5 How to Add a New Collation to a Character Set
9.5.1 Collation Implementation Types
9.5.2 Choosing a Collation ID
9.5.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
9.6 Character Set Configuration
9.7 MySQL Server Time Zone Support
9.7.1 Staying Current with Time Zone Changes
9.8 MySQL Server Locale Support
10 Data Types
10.1 Data Type Overview
10.1.1 Numeric Type Overview
10.1.2 Date and Time Type Overview
10.1.3 String Type Overview
10.1.4 Data Type Default Values
10.2 Numeric Types
10.2.1 Integer Types (Exact Value)
10.2.2 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value)
10.2.3 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value)
10.2.4 Numeric Type Attributes
10.2.5 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
10.3 Date and Time Types
10.3.1 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
10.3.2 The TIME Type
10.3.3 The YEAR Type
10.3.4 Fractional Seconds in Time Values
10.3.5 Conversion Between Date and Time Types
10.3.6 Two-Digit Years in Dates
10.4 String Types
10.4.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
10.4.2 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
10.4.3 The BLOB and TEXT Types
10.4.4 The ENUM Type
10.4.5 The SET Type
10.5 Data Type Storage Requirements
10.6 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
10.7 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
11 Functions and Operators
11.1 Function and Operator Reference
11.2 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
11.3 Operators
11.3.1 Operator Precedence
11.3.2 Comparison Functions and Operators
11.3.3 Logical Operators
11.3.4 Assignment Operators
11.4 Control Flow Functions
11.5 String Functions
11.5.1 String Comparison Functions
11.5.2 Regular Expressions
11.6 Numeric Functions and Operators
11.6.1 Arithmetic Operators
11.6.2 Mathematical Functions
11.7 Date and Time Functions
11.8 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
11.9 Full-Text Search Functions
11.9.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches
11.9.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches
11.9.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
11.9.4 Full-Text Stopwords
11.9.5 Full-Text Restrictions
11.9.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
11.10 Cast Functions and Operators
11.11 Bit Functions
11.12 Encryption and Compression Functions
11.13 Information Functions
11.14 Miscellaneous Functions
11.15 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses
11.15.1 GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions
11.15.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
11.15.3 MySQL Handling of GROUP BY
12 SQL Statement Syntax
12.1 Data Definition Statements
12.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Syntax
12.1.2 ALTER TABLE Syntax
12.1.3 CREATE DATABASE Syntax
12.1.4 CREATE INDEX Syntax
12.1.5 CREATE TABLE Syntax
12.1.6 DROP DATABASE Syntax
12.1.7 DROP INDEX Syntax
12.1.8 DROP TABLE Syntax
12.1.9 RENAME TABLE Syntax
12.1.10 TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax
12.2 Data Manipulation Statements
12.2.1 DELETE Syntax
12.2.2 DO Syntax
12.2.3 HANDLER Syntax
12.2.4 INSERT Syntax
12.2.5 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
12.2.6 REPLACE Syntax
12.2.7 SELECT Syntax
12.2.8 Subquery Syntax
12.2.9 UPDATE Syntax
12.3 MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements
12.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax
12.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
12.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
12.3.4 SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Syntax
12.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax
12.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax
12.4 Database Administration Statements
12.4.1 Account Management Statements
12.4.2 Table Maintenance Statements
12.4.3 User-Defined Function Statements
12.4.4 SET Syntax
12.4.5 SHOW Syntax
12.4.6 Other Administrative Statements
12.5 Replication Statements
12.5.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers
12.5.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers
12.6 SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements
12.6.1 PREPARE Syntax
12.6.2 EXECUTE Syntax
12.6.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax
12.7 MySQL Utility Statements
12.7.1 DESCRIBE Syntax
12.7.2 EXPLAIN Syntax
12.7.3 HELP Syntax
12.7.4 USE Syntax
13 Storage Engines
13.1 The MyISAM Storage Engine
13.1.1 MyISAM Startup Options
13.1.2 Space Needed for Keys
13.1.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats
13.1.4 MyISAM Table Problems
13.2 The InnoDB Storage Engine
13.2.1 InnoDB Contact Information
13.2.2 InnoDB in MySQL 3.23
13.2.3 InnoDB Configuration
13.2.4 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
13.2.5 Creating and Using InnoDB Tables
13.2.6 Adding, Removing, or Resizing InnoDB Data and Log Files
13.2.7 Backing Up and Recovering an InnoDB Database
13.2.8 Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine
13.2.9 The InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking
13.2.10 InnoDB Multi-Versioning
13.2.11 InnoDB Table and Index Structures
13.2.12 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
13.2.13 InnoDB Error Handling
13.2.14 InnoDB Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting
13.2.15 Restrictions on InnoDB Tables
13.3 The MERGE Storage Engine
13.3.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
13.3.2 MERGE Table Problems
13.4 The MEMORY (HEAP) Storage Engine
13.5 The BDB (BerkeleyDB) Storage Engine
13.5.1 Operating Systems Supported by BDB
13.5.2 Installing BDB
13.5.3 BDB Startup Options
13.5.4 Characteristics of BDB Tables
13.5.5 Restrictions on BDB Tables
13.5.6 Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables
13.6 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
13.7 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
13.8 The CSV Storage Engine
13.9 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
13.10 The ISAM Storage Engine
14 Replication
14.1 Introduction to Replication
14.2 Replication Implementation Overview
14.3 Replication Implementation Details
14.3.1 Replication Relay and Status Files
14.3.2 The Slave Relay Log
14.3.3 The Slave Status Files
14.4 How to Set Up Replication
14.5 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
14.6 Upgrading a Replication Setup
14.6.1 Upgrading Replication to 4.0 or 4.1
14.7 Replication Features and Issues
14.7.1 Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT
14.7.2 Replication and Character Sets
14.7.3 Replication and DIRECTORY Table Options
14.7.4 Replication and Floating-Point Values
14.7.5 Replication and FLUSH
14.7.6 Replication and System Functions
14.7.7 Replication and LIMIT
14.7.8 Replication and LOAD Operations
14.7.9 Replication and the Slow Query Log
14.7.10 Replication and Master or Slave Shutdowns
14.7.11 Replication and MEMORY Tables
14.7.12 Replication and Temporary Tables
14.7.13 Replication and User Privileges
14.7.14 Replication and the Query Optimizer
14.7.15 Replication and Reserved Words
14.7.16 Slave Errors During Replication
14.7.17 Replication Retries and Timeouts
14.7.18 Replication and Time Zones
14.7.19 Replication and Transactions
14.7.20 Replication and Variables
14.7.21 Other Replication Features
14.8 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
14.8.1 Replication and Binary Logging Option and Variable Reference
14.8.2 Replication Master Options and Variables
14.8.3 Replication Slave Options and Variables
14.8.4 Binary Log Options and Variables
14.9 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
14.9.1 Evaluation of Database-Level Replication and Binary Logging Options
14.9.2 Evaluation of Table-Level Replication Options
14.9.3 Replication Rule Application
14.10 Replication FAQ
14.11 Troubleshooting Replication
14.12 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
15 MySQL Cluster
15.1 MySQL Cluster Overview
15.1.1 MySQL Cluster Core Concepts
15.1.2 MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions
15.1.3 MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements
15.1.4 Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster
15.2 MySQL Cluster Multi-Computer How-To
15.2.1 MySQL Cluster Multi-Computer Installation
15.2.2 MySQL Cluster Multi-Computer Configuration
15.2.3 Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster
15.2.4 Loading Sample Data into MySQL Cluster and Performing Queries
15.2.5 Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster
15.2.6 Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster
15.3 MySQL Cluster Configuration
15.3.1 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster
15.3.2 MySQL Cluster Configuration Files
15.3.3 Overview of MySQL Cluster Configuration Parameters
15.3.4 MySQL Server Options and Variables for MySQL Cluster
15.3.5 Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster
15.4 MySQL Cluster Programs
15.4.1 ndbd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon
15.4.2 ndb_mgmd — The MySQL Cluster Management Server Daemon
15.4.3 ndb_mgm — The MySQL Cluster Management Client
15.4.4 ndb_config — Extract MySQL Cluster Configuration Information
15.4.5 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development
15.4.6 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table
15.4.7 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables
15.4.8 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table
15.4.9 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table
15.4.10 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility
15.4.11 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents
15.4.12 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents
15.4.13 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents
15.4.14 ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup
15.4.15 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table
15.4.16 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables
15.4.17 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables
15.4.18 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator
15.4.19 ndb_waiter — Wait for MySQL Cluster to Reach a Given Status
15.4.20 Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs — Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs
15.5 Management of MySQL Cluster
15.5.1 Summary of MySQL Cluster Start Phases
15.5.2 Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client
15.5.3 Online Backup of MySQL Cluster
15.5.4 MySQL Server Usage for MySQL Cluster
15.5.5 Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster
15.5.6 MySQL Cluster Log Messages
15.5.7 MySQL Cluster Single User Mode
15.5.8 Quick Reference: MySQL Cluster SQL Statements
15.5.9 MySQL Cluster Security Issues
15.6 MySQL 4.1 FAQ: MySQL Cluster
16 Spatial Extensions
16.1 Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support
16.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
16.2.1 The Geometry Class Hierarchy
16.2.2 Class Geometry
16.2.3 Class Point
16.2.4 Class Curve
16.2.5 Class LineString
16.2.6 Class Surface
16.2.7 Class Polygon
16.2.8 Class GeometryCollection
16.2.9 Class MultiPoint
16.2.10 Class MultiCurve
16.2.11 Class MultiLineString
16.2.12 Class MultiSurface
16.2.13 Class MultiPolygon
16.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
16.3.1 Well-Known Text (WKT) Format
16.3.2 Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
16.4 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database
16.4.1 MySQL Spatial Data Types
16.4.2 Creating Spatial Values
16.4.3 Creating Spatial Columns
16.4.4 Populating Spatial Columns
16.4.5 Fetching Spatial Data
16.5 Analyzing Spatial Information
16.5.1 Geometry Format Conversion Functions
16.5.2 Geometry Functions
16.5.3 Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones
16.5.4 Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects
16.5.5 Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)
16.5.6 Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries
16.6 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
16.6.1 Creating Spatial Indexes
16.6.2 Using a Spatial Index
16.7 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility
17 Connectors and APIs
17.1 MySQL Connector/ODBC
17.2 MySQL Connector/Net
17.3 MySQL Connector/J
17.4 MySQL Connector/C
17.5 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
17.5.1 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
17.5.2 Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
17.5.3 Options with the Embedded Server
17.5.4 Embedded Server Examples
17.5.5 Licensing the Embedded Server
17.6 MySQL C API
17.6.1 MySQL C API Implementations
17.6.2 Example C API Client Programs
17.6.3 Building and Running C API Client Programs
17.6.4 C API Data Structures
17.6.5 C API Function Overview
17.6.6 C API Function Descriptions
17.6.7 C API Prepared Statements
17.6.8 C API Prepared Statement Data Structures
17.6.9 C API Prepared Statement Function Overview
17.6.10 C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions
17.6.11 C API Threaded Function Descriptions
17.6.12 C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions
17.6.13 Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API
17.6.14 Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior
17.6.15 C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution
17.6.16 C API Prepared Statement Problems
17.6.17 C API Prepared Statement Handling of Date and Time Values
17.7 MySQL PHP API
17.8 MySQL Perl API
17.9 MySQL Python API
17.10 MySQL Ruby APIs
17.10.1 The MySQL/Ruby API
17.10.2 The Ruby/MySQL API
17.11 MySQL Tcl API
17.12 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
18 Extending MySQL
18.1 MySQL Internals
18.1.1 MySQL Threads
18.1.2 The MySQL Test Suite
18.2 Adding New Functions to MySQL
18.2.1 Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
18.2.2 Adding a New User-Defined Function
18.2.3 Adding a New Native Function
18.3 Adding New Procedures to MySQL
18.3.1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE
18.3.2 Writing a Procedure
18.4 Porting to Other Systems
18.4.1 Debugging a MySQL Server
18.4.2 Debugging a MySQL Client
18.4.3 The DBUG Package
A Licenses for Third-Party Components
A.1 RegEX-Spencer Library License
A.2 RSA MD5 Algorithm License
A.3 Editline Library (libedit) License
B Errors, Error Codes, and Common Problems
B.1 Sources of Error Information
B.2 Types of Error Values
B.3 Server Error Codes and Messages
B.4 Client Error Codes and Messages
B.5 Problems and Common Errors
B.5.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
B.5.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
B.5.3 Installation-Related Issues
B.5.4 Administration-Related Issues
B.5.5 Query-Related Issues
B.5.6 Optimizer-Related Issues
B.5.7 Table Definition-Related Issues
B.5.8 Known Issues in MySQL
C MySQL Release Notes
C.1 Changes in Release 4.1.x (Lifecycle Support Ended)
C.1.1 Changes in MySQL 4.1.25 (2008-12-01)
C.1.2 Changes in MySQL 4.1.24 (2008-03-01)
C.1.3 Changes in MySQL 4.1.23 (2007-06-12)
C.1.4 Changes in MySQL 4.1.22 (2006-11-02)
C.1.5 Changes in MySQL 4.1.21 (2006-07-19)
C.1.6 Changes in MySQL 4.1.20 (2006-05-24)
C.1.7 Changes in MySQL 4.1.19 (2006-04-29)
C.1.8 Changes in MySQL 4.1.18 (2006-01-27)
C.1.9 Changes in MySQL 4.1.17 (Not released)
C.1.10 Changes in MySQL 4.1.16 (2005-11-29)
C.1.11 Changes in MySQL 4.1.15 (2005-10-13)
C.1.12 Changes in MySQL 4.1.14 (2005-08-17)
C.1.13 Changes in MySQL 4.1.13 (2005-07-15)
C.1.14 Changes in MySQL 4.1.12 (2005-05-13)
C.1.15 Changes in MySQL 4.1.11 (2005-04-01)
C.1.16 Changes in MySQL 4.1.10 (2005-02-12)
C.1.17 Changes in MySQL 4.1.9 (2005-01-11)
C.1.18 Changes in MySQL 4.1.8 (2004-12-14)
C.1.19 Changes in MySQL 4.1.7 (2004-10-23, Production)
C.1.20 Changes in MySQL 4.1.6 (2004-10-10)
C.1.21 Changes in MySQL 4.1.5 (2004-09-16)
C.1.22 Changes in MySQL 4.1.4 (2004-08-26, Gamma)
C.1.23 Changes in MySQL 4.1.3 (2004-06-28, Beta)
C.1.24 Changes in MySQL 4.1.2 (2004-05-28)
C.1.25 Changes in MySQL 4.1.1 (2003-12-01)
C.1.26 Changes in MySQL 4.1.0 (2003-04-03, Alpha)
C.2 Changes in Release 4.0.x (Lifecycle Support Ended)
C.2.1 Changes in Release 4.0.31 (Not released)
C.2.2 Changes in Release 4.0.30 (12 February 2007)
C.2.3 Changes in Release 4.0.29 (Not released)
C.2.4 Changes in Release 4.0.28 (Not released)
C.2.5 Changes in Release 4.0.27 (06 May 2006)
C.2.6 Changes in Release 4.0.26 (08 September 2005)
C.2.7 Changes in Release 4.0.25 (05 July 2005)
C.2.8 Changes in Release 4.0.24 (04 March 2005)
C.2.9 Changes in Release 4.0.23 (18 December 2004)
C.2.10 Changes in Release 4.0.22 (27 October 2004)
C.2.11 Changes in Release 4.0.21 (06 September 2004)
C.2.12 Changes in Release 4.0.20 (17 May 2004)
C.2.13 Changes in Release 4.0.19 (04 May 2004)
C.2.14 Changes in Release 4.0.18 (12 February 2004)
C.2.15 Changes in Release 4.0.17 (14 December 2003)
C.2.16 Changes in Release 4.0.16 (17 October 2003)
C.2.17 Changes in Release 4.0.15 (03 September 2003)
C.2.18 Changes in Release 4.0.14 (18 July 2003)
C.2.19 Changes in Release 4.0.13 (16 May 2003)
C.2.20 Changes in Release 4.0.12 (15 March 2003: Production)
C.2.21 Changes in Release 4.0.11 (20 February 2003)
C.2.22 Changes in Release 4.0.10 (29 January 2003)
C.2.23 Changes in Release 4.0.9 (09 January 2003)
C.2.24 Changes in Release 4.0.8 (07 January 2003)
C.2.25 Changes in Release 4.0.7 (20 December 2002)
C.2.26 Changes in Release 4.0.6 (14 December 2002: Gamma)
C.2.27 Changes in Release 4.0.5 (13 November 2002)
C.2.28 Changes in Release 4.0.4 (29 September 2002)
C.2.29 Changes in Release 4.0.3 (26 August 2002: Beta)
C.2.30 Changes in Release 4.0.2 (01 July 2002)
C.2.31 Changes in Release 4.0.1 (23 December 2001)
C.2.32 Changes in Release 4.0.0 (October 2001: Alpha)
C.3 Changes in Release 3.23.x (Lifecycle Support Ended)
C.3.1 Changes in Release 3.23.59 (Not released)
C.3.2 Changes in Release 3.23.58 (11 September 2003)
C.3.3 Changes in Release 3.23.57 (06 June 2003)
C.3.4 Changes in Release 3.23.56 (13 March 2003)
C.3.5 Changes in Release 3.23.55 (23 January 2003)
C.3.6 Changes in Release 3.23.54 (05 December 2002)
C.3.7 Changes in Release 3.23.53 (09 October 2002)
C.3.8 Changes in Release 3.23.52 (14 August 2002)
C.3.9 Changes in Release 3.23.51 (31 May 2002)
C.3.10 Changes in Release 3.23.50 (21 April 2002)
C.3.11 Changes in Release 3.23.49 (14 February 2002)
C.3.12 Changes in Release 3.23.48 (07 February 2002)
C.3.13 Changes in Release 3.23.47 (27 December 2001)
C.3.14 Changes in Release 3.23.46 (29 November 2001)
C.3.15 Changes in Release 3.23.45 (22 November 2001)
C.3.16 Changes in Release 3.23.44 (31 October 2001)
C.3.17 Changes in Release 3.23.43 (04 October 2001)
C.3.18 Changes in Release 3.23.42 (08 September 2001)
C.3.19 Changes in Release 3.23.41 (11 August 2001)
C.3.20 Changes in Release 3.23.40 (18 July 2001)
C.3.21 Changes in Release 3.23.39 (12 June 2001)
C.3.22 Changes in Release 3.23.38 (09 May 2001)
C.3.23 Changes in Release 3.23.37 (17 April 2001)
C.3.24 Changes in Release 3.23.36 (27 March 2001)
C.3.25 Changes in Release 3.23.35 (15 March 2001)
C.3.26 Changes in Release 3.23.34a (11 March 2001)
C.3.27 Changes in Release 3.23.34 (10 March 2001)
C.3.28 Changes in Release 3.23.33 (09 February 2001)
C.3.29 Changes in Release 3.23.32 (22 January 2001)
C.3.30 Changes in Release 3.23.31 (17 January 2001: Production)
C.3.31 Changes in Release 3.23.30 (04 January 2001)
C.3.32 Changes in Release 3.23.29 (16 December 2000)
C.3.33 Changes in Release 3.23.28 (22 November 2000: Gamma)
C.3.34 Changes in Release 3.23.27 (24 October 2000)
C.3.35 Changes in Release 3.23.26 (18 October 2000)
C.3.36 Changes in Release 3.23.25 (29 September 2000)
C.3.37 Changes in Release 3.23.24 (08 September 2000)
C.3.38 Changes in Release 3.23.23 (01 September 2000)
C.3.39 Changes in Release 3.23.22 (31 July 2000)
C.3.40 Changes in Release 3.23.21 (04 July 2000)
C.3.41 Changes in Release 3.23.20 (28 June 2000: Beta)
C.3.42 Changes in Release 3.23.19
C.3.43 Changes in Release 3.23.18 (11 June 2000)
C.3.44 Changes in Release 3.23.17 (07 June 2000)
C.3.45 Changes in Release 3.23.16 (16 May 2000)
C.3.46 Changes in Release 3.23.15 (08 May 2000)
C.3.47 Changes in Release 3.23.14 (09 April 2000)
C.3.48 Changes in Release 3.23.13 (14 March 2000)
C.3.49 Changes in Release 3.23.12 (07 March 2000)
C.3.50 Changes in Release 3.23.11 (16 February 2000)
C.3.51 Changes in Release 3.23.10 (30 January 2000)
C.3.52 Changes in Release 3.23.9 (29 January 2000)
C.3.53 Changes in Release 3.23.8 (02 January 2000)
C.3.54 Changes in Release 3.23.7 (10 December 1999)
C.3.55 Changes in Release 3.23.6 (15 December 1999)
C.3.56 Changes in Release 3.23.5 (20 October 1999)
C.3.57 Changes in Release 3.23.4 (28 September 1999)
C.3.58 Changes in Release 3.23.3 (13 September 1999)
C.3.59 Changes in Release 3.23.2 (09 August 1999)
C.3.60 Changes in Release 3.23.1 (08 July 1999)
C.3.61 Changes in Release 3.23.0 (05 July 1999: Alpha)
C.4 Changes in InnoDB
C.4.1 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.21, September 10, 2004
C.4.2 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.4, August 31, 2004
C.4.3 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.3, June 28, 2004
C.4.4 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.2, May 30, 2004
C.4.5 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.20, May 18, 2004
C.4.6 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.19, May 4, 2004
C.4.7 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.18, February 13, 2004
C.4.8 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-5.0.0, December 24, 2003
C.4.9 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.17, December 17, 2003
C.4.10 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.1, December 4, 2003
C.4.11 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.16, October 22, 2003
C.4.12 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.58, September 15, 2003
C.4.13 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.15, September 10, 2003
C.4.14 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.14, July 22, 2003
C.4.15 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.57, June 20, 2003
C.4.16 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.13, May 20, 2003
C.4.17 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.0, April 3, 2003
C.4.18 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.56, March 17, 2003
C.4.19 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.12, March 18, 2003
C.4.20 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.11, February 25, 2003
C.4.21 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.10, February 4, 2003
C.4.22 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.55, January 24, 2003
C.4.23 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.9, January 14, 2003
C.4.24 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.8, January 7, 2003
C.4.25 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.7, December 26, 2002
C.4.26 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.6, December 19, 2002
C.4.27 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.54, December 12, 2002
C.4.28 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.5, November 18, 2002
C.4.29 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.53, October 9, 2002
C.4.30 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.4, October 2, 2002
C.4.31 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.3, August 28, 2002
C.4.32 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.52, August 16, 2002
C.4.33 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.2, July 10, 2002
C.4.34 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.51, June 12, 2002
C.4.35 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.50, April 23, 2002
C.4.36 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.49, February 17, 2002
C.4.37 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.48, February 9, 2002
C.4.38 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.47, December 28, 2001
C.4.39 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.1, December 23, 2001
C.4.40 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.46, November 30, 2001
C.4.41 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.45, November 23, 2001
C.4.42 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.44, November 2, 2001
C.4.43 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.43, October 4, 2001
C.4.44 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.42, September 9, 2001
C.4.45 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.41, August 13, 2001
C.4.46 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.40, July 16, 2001
C.4.47 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.39, June 13, 2001
C.4.48 Changes in MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.38, May 12, 2001
C.5 MySQL Cluster Change History
C.6 MySQL Connector/ODBC Change History
C.7 MySQL Connector/Net Change History
C.8 MySQL Connector/J Change History
D Restrictions and Limits
D.1 Restrictions on Subqueries
D.2 Restrictions on Character Sets
D.3 Limits in MySQL
D.3.1 Limits of Joins
D.3.2 The Maximum Number of Columns Per Table
D.3.3 Windows Platform Limitations
General Index
C Function Index
Command Index
Function Index
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
Join Types Index
Operator Index
Option Index
Privileges Index
SQL Modes Index
Statement/Syntax Index
Status Variable Index
System Variable Index
Transaction Isolation Level Index